December 10 is not just a date on the calendar; it is a beacon of hope for justice, equality, and freedom. International Human Rights Day commemorates the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, marking a global commitment to uphold the inherent dignity and rights of every individual, regardless of race, gender, nationality, or status.
The origins of Human Rights Day are deeply tied to the aftermath of World War II, a period marked by immense suffering and widespread violations of human dignity. Determined to prevent a recurrence of such atrocities, world leaders came together to craft the UDHR, a groundbreaking document that articulated, for the first time, the fundamental rights to which all people are entitled.
Eleanor Roosevelt, chairperson of the drafting committee, described the declaration as a “Magna Carta for all mankind.” Its adoption on December 10, 1948, was a watershed moment, setting a universal standard for freedom, equality, and justice. Since then, International Human Rights Day has been a reminder of our shared responsibility to protect these rights and hold those in power accountable.
Milestones in the Struggle for Human Rights
Over the decades, Human Rights Day has been a rallying point for movements that changed the world:
- The Civil Rights Movement (1960s): The Civil Rights Movement in the United States was a pivotal struggle for social justice, aiming to end racial segregation and discrimination against Black Americans. Key events included the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This movement drew global attention and reinforced the principle that human rights are indivisible (King, 1963).
- The End of Apartheid (1994): The end of apartheid in South Africa was marked by the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990 and the subsequent fall of the apartheid regime. This led to South Africa’s first non-racial elections in 1994, won by the African National Congress (ANC). Nelson Mandela’s release and the dismantling of apartheid were celebrated as triumphs of human dignity over systemic oppression (Mandela, 1994).
- Women’s Rights Advocacy: Women’s rights advocacy has a long history, from the suffrage movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries to modern campaigns against gender-based violence. Women have used human rights as a platform to fight for equality and challenge systemic discrimination (Friedan, 1963) (Steinem, 1983).
In Africa, the narrative of human rights takes on unique dimensions. Colonialism, systemic exploitation, and post-independence struggles left many nations grappling with fragile systems and widespread inequality. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981) sought to localise the universal principles of the UDHR, weaving in the importance of collective rights and community. However, challenges remain. Across the continent, weak institutions, corruption, and disregard for the rule of law continue to undermine progress. Nigeria, often regarded as a bellwether for Africa, exemplifies these struggles. Despite being a signatory to numerous human rights treaties, the country battles with widespread poverty, insecurity, and inconsistent access to justice for its citizens.
At its core, human rights are a reflection of the fundamental dignity inherent in every person. Dignity is not conferred by governments; it is intrinsic to our humanity. This concept is particularly significant in Africa, where communal values and shared responsibility form the backbone of societal life. Yet, dignity is eroded when poverty prevails, when corruption festers, and when the voices of the vulnerable are silenced.
For human rights to thrive, they must be underpinned by robust institutions and a steadfast commitment to the rule of law. In Nigeria and across Africa, this requires:
- Accountable Governance: Leaders must serve their citizens, not exploit them. Strong institutions ensure that no one is above the law.
- Judicial Independence: Courts must act as impartial arbiters, protecting citizens from abuse and guaranteeing justice.
- Anti-Corruption Measures: Transparency and integrity are essential to fostering trust in public institutions.
These principles are not mere ideals; they are prerequisites for the realisation of human rights. Without them, the pursuit of equality and justice remains elusive.
As we commemorate International Human Rights Day, let us renew our commitment to creating a world where everyone, regardless of their circumstances, can live with dignity. Let us advocate for stronger institutions, champion the rule of law, and amplify the voices of the marginalised. Together, we can turn the promises of the UDHR into lasting realities for all.